Researchers have proposed a new three-layer architecture for fault-tolerant quantum computing. This hardware-agnostic, high-level framework aims to be a universal abstract standard, decoupled from specific physical qubit platforms and particular quantum error correction codes. The proposal draws inspiration from classical computer architecture philosophies and is guided by the execution workflows of fault-tolerant quantum algorithms.

Special attention is given to the intermediate Fault-Tolerance Layer, which acts as an architectural bridge between application-level logical programs and hardware-level execution. This layer is characterized by its five internal components, the interfaces and data exchanged between them, as well as the execution, correction, and adaptation paths. These paths enable logical synthesis, fault-tolerant resource management, decoding, and runtime fault-tolerant control.

Fault tolerance is an indispensable prerequisite for constructing large-scale universal quantum computers. As the emphasis on modular, heterogeneous, and cross-layer fault-tolerant quantum systems increases, this architecture provides a unified foundational model for organizing such designs. An end-to-end example has been provided to illustrate the full-stack operating pipeline of fault-tolerant quantum algorithms under this new framework.