Researchers have explored how new long-range forces, arising from the gauge symmetry of certain leptonic number combinations (B-L, L_e-L_{μ/τ}, or L_μ-L_τ) in the Standard Model, could manifest through neutrino pair production. The proposed mechanism is the Schwinger effect, where the leptonic potential generated by massive astronomical objects like neutron stars could induce the creation of neutrino pairs charged under these hypothetical new forces. Oppositely charged particles would accumulate in the potential well, forming a degenerate Fermi gas, while equally charged particles would escape, generating a steady flux of neutrinos.